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Synopsis
Birthright Citizens tells how African American activists radically transformed the terms of citizenship for all Americans. Before the Civil War, colonization schemes and black laws threatened to deport former slaves born in the United States. Birthright Citizens recovers the story of how African American activists remade national belonging through battles in legislatures, conventions, and courthouses. They faced formidable opposition, most notoriously from the US Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott. Still, Martha S. Jones explains, no single case defined their status. Former slaves studied law, secured allies, and conducted themselves like citizens, establishing their status through local, everyday claims. All along they argued that birth guaranteed their rights. With fresh archival sources and an ambitious reframing of constitutional law-making before the Civil War, Jones shows how when the Fourteenth Amendment constitutionalized the birthright principle, the aspirations of black Americans' aspirations were realized.Review
Birthright Citizens examines how black Americans transformed the terms of belonging for all Americans before the Civil War. They battled against black laws and threats of exile, arguing that citizenship was rooted in birth, not race. The Fourteenth Amendment affirmed this principle, one that still today determines who is a citizen.Winner of the Organization of American Historians' 2019 Liberty Legacy Foundation Award for the best book on civil rights in the United States anytime from 1776 to the present.Finalist for the 2019 PROSE Award for best book in U.S./North American History by the American Association of Publishers.
On the eve of the Civil War, nearly half a million people, the majority of them born in the United States, lived with their rights always subject to political whim and their belonging always subject to the threat of removal. We might say that they were not unlike today's unauthorized immigrants and their children, at least to the degree that free people of color were also a community that endured episodes of punitive legislation and efforts to force their exile. Birthright Citizens is their story.
Birthright Citizens
Explains the origins of the Fourteenth Amendment's birthright citizenship provision, as a story of black Americans' pre-Civil War claims to belonging.
Explains the origins of the Fourteenth Amendment's birthright citizenship provision, as a story of black Americans' pre-Civil War claims to belonging."
Citizenship Reimagined
States have historically led in rights expansion for marginalized populations and remain leaders today on the rights of undocumented immigrants.
Jones , Martha S . Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. “Leave of Court : African- American Legal Claims Making in the Era of Dred Scott v. Sandford."
Moral Contagion
During the Antebellum era, thousands of free black sailors were arrested for violating the Negro Seamen Acts. In retelling the harrowing experiences of free black sailors, Moral Contagion highlights the central roles that race and international diplomacy played in the development of American citizenship.
Studies in Legal History EDITORS Sarah Barringer Gordon, University of Pennsylvania Holly Brewer, University of Maryland, ... Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Cynthia Nicoletti, ..."
Citizenship, Law and Literature
This edited volume is the first to focus on how concepts of citizenship diversify and stimulate the long-standing field of law and literature, and vice versa. Building on existing research in law and literature as well as literature and citizenship studies, the collection approaches the triangular relationship between citizenship, law and literature from a variety of disciplinary, conceptual and political perspectives, with particular emphasis on the performative aspect inherent in any type of social expression and cultural artefact. The sixteen chapters in this volume present literature as carrying multifarious, at times opposing energies and impulses in relation to citizenship. These range from providing discursive arenas for consolidating, challenging and re-negotiating citizenship to directly interfering with or inspiring processes of law-making and governance. The volume opens up new possibilities for the scholarly understanding of citizenship along two axes: Citizenship-as-Literature: Enacting Citizenship and Citizenship-in-Literature: Conceptualising Citizenship.
In this book , Ghosh writes that posterity might say that “ours was a time when most forms of art and literature were drawn into the modes of concealment that prevented people from recognising the realities of their plight.”22 Gun Island ..."
Becoming Free, Becoming Black
Shows that the law of freedom, not slavery, determined the way that race developed over time in three slave societies.
See the Studies in Legal History series website at http://studiesinlegalhistory.org/ STUDIES IN LEGAL HISTORY Editors Sarah ... Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Cynthia Nicoletti, ..."
Almost Citizens
Tells the tragic story of Puerto Ricans who sought the post-Civil War regime of citizenship, rights, and statehood but instead received racist imperial governance.
See the Studies in Legal History series website at http://studiesinlegalhistory.org/ Studies in Legal History Editors Sarah ... Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Cynthia Nicoletti, ..."
The Laws of Alfred
The first critical edition of Alfred the Great's domboc ('book of laws') in over a century.
Studies in Legal History editors Sarah Barringer Gordon, University of Pennsylvania Holly Brewer, University of ... and Empire Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Julia Moses, ..."
Felony and the Guilty Mind in Medieval England
Explores the role of criminal intent in constituting felony in the first two centuries of the English criminal trial jury.
See the Studies in Legal History series website at http://studiesinlegalhistory.org/ ... Law Sovereign in Revolutionary Virginia Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Cynthia Nicoletti, ..."
The Princeton Guide to Historical Research
The essential handbook for doing historical research in the twenty-first century The Princeton Guide to Historical Research provides students, scholars, and professionals with the skills they need to practice the historian's craft in the digital age, while never losing sight of the fundamental values and techniques that have defined historical scholarship for centuries. Zachary Schrag begins by explaining how to ask good questions and then guides readers step-by-step through all phases of historical research, from narrowing a topic and locating sources to taking notes, crafting a narrative, and connecting one's work to existing scholarship. He shows how researchers extract knowledge from the widest range of sources, such as government documents, newspapers, unpublished manuscripts, images, interviews, and datasets. He demonstrates how to use archives and libraries, read sources critically, present claims supported by evidence, tell compelling stories, and much more. Featuring a wealth of examples that illustrate the methods used by seasoned experts, The Princeton Guide to Historical Research reveals that, however varied the subject matter and sources, historians share basic tools in the quest to understand people and the choices they made. Offers practical step-by-step guidance on how to do historical research, taking readers from initial questions to final publication Connects new digital technologies to the traditional skills of the historian Draws on hundreds of examples from a broad range of historical topics and approaches Shares tips for researchers at every skill level
Similarly, if a writer is making arguments based on what they believe to be commonly accepted facts, it is not a surprise if they ... Margaret O 'Mara, The Code : Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America (New York: Penguin, 2019), 214."
Murder in the Shenandoah
Tells the story of a sensational 1791 Virginia murder case, and explores Revolutionary America's debates over justice, criminal punishment, and equality before the law.
Studies . in. Legal . History . Editors Sarah Barringer Gordon, University of Pennsylvania Holly Brewer, ... the Law Other books in the series Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Cynthia ..."
A Question of Freedom
The story of the longest and most complex legal challenge to slavery in American history"A revelatory and fluidly written chronicle. . . . An essential account of an overlooked chapter in the history of American slavery."--Publishers Weekly, starred review "A work of remarkable honesty and humanity that should inform any conversation on the legacy of slavery. Please read it."--Lauret Savoy, author of Trace: Memory, History, Race, and the America Landscape and a descendant of freedom petitioners For over seventy years and five generations, the enslaved families of Prince George's County, Maryland, filed hundreds of suits for their freedom against a powerful circle of slaveholders, taking their cause all the way to the Supreme Court. Between 1787 and 1861, these lawsuits challenged the legitimacy of slavery in American law and put slavery on trial in the nation's capital. Piecing together evidence once dismissed in court and buried in the archives, William Thomas tells an intricate and intensely human story of the enslaved families (the Butlers, Queens, Mahoneys, and others), their lawyers (among them a young Francis Scott Key), and the slaveholders who fought to defend slavery, beginning with the Jesuit priests who held some of the largest plantations in the nation and founded a college at Georgetown. A Question of Freedom asks us to reckon with the moral problem of slavery and its legacies in the present day.
On the role of the law in everyday life, see Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018); and Martha S . Jones , “Leave of Court : African American ..."
Armed with Swords & Scales
Explores how local courtrooms have been a common feature of everyday life and culture since the eighteenth century.
Studies in Legal History EDITORS Sarah Barringer Gordon, University of Pennsylvania Holly Brewer, University of ... and Empire Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America Julia Moses, ..."
A Place for Memory
"This book highlights and historicizes underexplored and forgotten people and events associated with Laurel Cemetery (1852-1957)--the first non-denominational African American cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland--stressing the importance of their work in laying the social, economic, and political foundation for Baltimore's African American community"--
“At Home on the Other Side: African American Burials as Com- memorative Landscapes.” In Places of Commemoration: ... Jones , Martha S . Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum Amer- ica. Studies in Legal History ."
American by Birth
American by Birth explores the history and legacy of Wong Kim Ark and the 1898 Supreme Court case that bears his name, which established the automatic citizenship of individuals born within the geographic boundaries of the United States. In the late nineteenth century, much like the present, the United States was a difficult, and at times threatening, environment for people of color. Chinese immigrants, invited into the United States in the 1850s and 1860s as laborers and merchants, faced a wave of hostility that played out in organized private violence, discriminatory state laws, and increasing congressional efforts to throttle immigration and remove many long-term residents. The federal courts, backed by the Supreme Court, supervised the development of an increasingly restrictive and exclusionary immigration regime that targeted Chinese people. This was the situation faced by Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco in the 1870s and who earned his living as a cook. Like many members of the Chinese community in the American West he maintained ties to China. He traveled there more than once, carrying required reentry documents, but when he attempted to return to the United States after a journey from 1894 to 1895, he was refused entry and detained. Protesting that he was a citizen and therefore entitled to come home, he challenged the administrative decision in court. Remarkably, the Supreme Court granted him victory. This victory was important for Wong Kim Ark, for the ethnic Chinese community in the United States, and for all immigrant communities then and to this day. Though the principle had links to seventeenth-century English common law and in the United States back to well before the American Civil War, the Supreme Court’s ruling was significant because it both inscribed the principle in constitutional terms and clarified that it extended even to the children of immigrants who were legally barred from becoming citizens. American by Birth is a richly detailed account of the case and its implications in the ongoing conflicts over race and immigration in US history; it also includes a discussion of current controversies over limiting the scope of birthright citizenship.
Jones , Martha S . Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum Amer- ica. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Jordan, Miriam. “3 Arrested in Crackdown on Multimillion-Dollar 'Birth Tour- ism' Businesses."
A New History of the American South
For at least two centuries, the South's economy, politics, religion, race relations, fiction, music, foodways and more have figured prominently in nearly all facets of American life. In A New History of the American South, W. Fitzhugh Brundage joins a stellar group of accomplished historians in gracefully weaving a new narrative of southern history from its ancient past to the present. This groundbreaking work draws on both well-established and new currents in scholarship, among them global and Atlantic world history, histories of African diaspora, and environmental history. The volume also considers the experiences of all people of the South: Black, white, Indigenous, female, male, poor, and elite. Together, the essays compose a seamless, cogent, and engaging work that can be read cover to cover or sampled at leisure. Contributors are Peter A. Coclanis, Gregory P. Downs, Laura F. Edwards, Robbie Ethridge, Kari Frederickson, Paul Harvey, Kenneth R. Janken, Martha S. Jones, Blair L. M. Kelley, Kate Masur, Michael A. McDonnell, Scott Reynolds Nelson, James D. Rice, Natalie J. Ring, and Jon F. Sensbach.
Reed, Touré F. Toward Freedom: The Case against Race Reductionism. New York: Verso, 2014. Tyson , Timothy B . Radio Free Dixie : Robert F . Williams and the Roots of Black Power . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999."
The Reconstruction Amendments
Ratified in the years immediately following the American Civil War, the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution—together known as the Reconstruction Amendments—abolished slavery, safeguarded a set of basic national liberties, and expanded the right to vote, respectively. This two-volume work presents the key speeches, debates, and public dialogues that surrounded the adoption of the three amendments, allowing us to more fully experience how they reshaped the nature of American life and freedom. Volume I outlines a broad historical context for the Reconstruction Amendments along with materials related to the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, while Volume II covers the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments on the rights of citizenship and enfranchisement. The documents in this collection encompass a sweeping range of primary sources, from congressional talks to court cases, public speeches to newspaper articles. As a whole, the volumes meticulously depict a significant period of legal change even as they illuminate the ways in which people across the land grappled with the process of constitutional reconstruction. Filling a major gap in the literature on the era, The Reconstruction Amendments will be indispensable for readers in politics, history, and law, as well as anyone seeking a better understanding of the post–Civil War basis of American constitutional democracy.
More than once, researching, identifying, transcribing, and editing thousands of historical documents left me in despair ... Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America ; Gerard N. Magliocca, ..."
Why Antislavery Poetry Matters Now
This book is a history of the nineteenth-century poetry of slavery and freedom framed as an argument about the nature of poetry itself: why we write it, why we read it, how it interacts with history. The poetry of the transatlantic abolitionist movement represented a powerful alliance across racial and religious boundaries; today it challenges the demarcation in literary studies between cultural and aesthetic approaches. Now is a particularly apt moment for its study. This book is a history of the nineteenth-century poetry of slavery and freedom framed as an argument about the nature of poetry itself: why we write it, why we read it, how it interacts with history. Poetry that speaks to a broad cross-section of society with moral authority, intellectual ambition, and artistic complexity mattered in the fraught years of the mid nineteenth century; Brian Yothers argues that it can and must matter today. Yothers examines antislavery poetry in light of recent work by historians, scholars in literary, cultural, and rhetorical studies, African-Americanists, scholars of race and gender studies, and theorists of poetics. That interdisciplinary sweep is mirrored by the range of writers he considers: from the canonical - Whitman, Barrett Browning, Beecher Stowe, DuBois, Melville - to those whose influence has faded - Longfellow, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, John Pierpont, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell - to African American writers whose work has been recovered in recent decades - James M. Whitfield, William Wells Brown, George Moses Horton, Frances E. W. Harper.
Martha S . Jones's Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America , meanwhile, dealt with the active engagement with the formal written law on the part of antebellum African American fig- ures."
Christian Supremacy
A panoramic cultural and legal history that traces the roots of antisemitism and racism to early Christian theology Since the earliest days of Christianity, theologians expressed pervasive anxiety about Jews as equal members of society, and, with European expansion in the early modern period, that anxiety extended to people of color. This troubling legacy still haunts us today. Christian Supremacy demonstrates how theological and legal frameworks created by the church centuries ago laid the seeds of antisemitism and anti-Black racism and reveals why Christian identity lies at the heart of the world’s violent white supremacy movements. In a powerful historical narrative spanning nearly two millennia, Magda Teter describes how Christian theology of late antiquity cast Jews as “children born to slavery,” and how the supposed theological inferiority of Jews became inscribed into law, creating tangible structures that reinforced a sense of Christian domination and superiority. With the dawn of European colonialism, a distinct brand of European Christian supremacy found expression in the legally sanctioned enslavement and exploitation of people of color, later taking the form of white Christian supremacy in the New World. Drawing on a wealth of primary evidence ranging from the theological and legal to the philosophical and artistic, Christian Supremacy is a profound reckoning with history that traces the roots of the modern rejection of Jewish and Black equality to an enduring Christian heritage of exclusion, intolerance, and persecution.
For an extensive discussion about admission of Missouri and the question of Black citizenship , see Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citi- zens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), ..."
The 1619 Project
#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER A dramatic expansion of a groundbreaking work of journalism, The 1619 Project: A New American Origin Story offers a profoundly revealing vision of the American past and present. ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: The Washington Post, NPR, Esquire, Marie Claire, Electric Lit, Ms. magazine, Kirkus Reviews, Booklist In late August 1619, a ship arrived in the British colony of Virginia bearing a cargo of twenty to thirty enslaved people from Africa. Their arrival led to the barbaric and unprecedented system of American chattel slavery that would last for the next 250 years. This is sometimes referred to as the country's original sin, but it is more than that: It is the source of so much that still defines the United States. The New York Times Magazine's award-winning "1619 Project" issue reframed our understanding of American history by placing slavery and its continuing legacy at the center of our national narrative. This new book substantially expands on that work, weaving together eighteen essays that explore the legacy of slavery in present-day America with thirty-six poems and works of fiction that illuminate key moments of oppression, struggle, and resistance. The essays show how the inheritance of 1619 reaches into every part of contemporary American society, from politics, music, diet, traffic, and citizenship to capitalism, religion, and our democracy itself. This is a book that speaks directly to our current moment, contextualizing the systems of race and caste within which we operate today. It reveals long-glossed-over truths around our nation's founding and construction-and the way that the legacy of slavery did not end with emancipation, but continues to shape contemporary American life. Featuring contributions from: Leslie Alexander Michelle Alexander Carol Anderson Joshua Bennett Reginald Dwayne Betts Jamelle Bouie Anthea Butler Matthew Desmond Rita Dove Camille Dungy Cornelius Eady Eve L. Ewing Nikky Finney Vievee Francis Yaa Gyasi Forrest Hamer Terrance Hayes Kimberly Annece Henderson Jeneen Interlandi Honorée Fanonne Jeffers Barry Jenkins Tyehimba Jess Martha S. Jones Robert Jones, Jr. A. Van Jordan Ibram X. Kendi Eddie Kendricks Yusef Komunyakaa Kevin Kruse Kiese Laymon Trymaine Lee Jasmine Mans Terry McMillan Tiya Miles Wesley Morris Khalil Gibran Muhammad Lynn Nottage ZZ Packer Gregory Pardlo Darryl Pinckney Claudia Rankine Jason Reynolds Dorothy Roberts Sonia Sanchez Tim Seibles Evie Shockley Clint Smith Danez Smith Patricia Smith Tracy K. Smith Bryan Stevenson Nafissa Thompson-Spires Natasha Trethewey Linda Villarosa Jesmyn Ward
Tracy K . Smith is a poet, writer, editor, and professor of English and of African and African American studies at ... books of poetry: Such Color: New and Selected Poems , The Body's Question, Duende, Wade in the Water , and Life on Mars, ..."
Being Indigenous in Jim Crow Virginia
Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act of 1924 recodified the state’s long-standing racial hierarchy as a more rigid Black-white binary. Then, Virginia officials asserted that no Virginia Indians could be other than legally Black, given centuries of love and marriage across color lines. How indigenous peoples of Virginia resisted erasure and built their identities as Native Americans is the powerful story this book tells. Spanning a century of fraught history, Being Indigenous in Jim Crow Virginia describes the critical strategic work that tidewater Virginia Indians, descendants of the seventeenth-century Algonquian Powhatan chiefdom, undertook to sustain their Native identity in the face of deep racial hostility from segregationist officials, politicians, and institutions. Like other Southeastern Native groups living under Jim Crow regimes, tidewater Native groups and individuals fortified their communities by founding tribal organizations, churches, and schools; they displayed their Indianness in public performances; and they enlisted whites, including well-known ethnographers, to help them argue for their Native distinctness. Describing an arduous campaign marked by ingenuity, conviction, and perseverance, Laura J. Feller shows how these tidewater Native people drew on their shared histories as descendants of Powhatan peoples, and how they strengthened their bonds through living and marrying within clusters of Native Virginians, both on and off reservation lands. She also finds that, by at times excluding African Americans from Indian organizations and Native families, Virginian Indians themselves reinforced racial segregation while they built their own communities. Even as it paved the way to tribal recognition in Virginia, the tidewater Natives’ sustained efforts chronicled in this book demonstrate the fluidity, instability, and persistent destructive power of the construction of race in America.
Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1994. ... Jones , Martha S . Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America ."
Xenocitizens
In Xenocitizens, Jason Berger returns to the antebellum United States in order to challenge a scholarly tradition based on liberal–humanist perspectives. Through the concept of the xenocitizen, a synthesis of the terms “xeno,” which connotes alien or stranger, and “citizen,” which signals a naturalized subject of a state, Berger uncovers realities and possibilities that have been foreclosed by dominant paradigms. Innovatively re-orienting our thinking about traditional nineteenth-century figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as well as formative writers such as William Wells Brown, Martin R. Delany, Margaret Fuller, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, Xenocitizens glimpses how antebellum thinkers formulated, in response to varying forms of oppression and crisis, startlingly unique ontological and social models as well as unfamiliar ways to exist and to leverage change. In doing so, Berger offers us a different nineteenth century—pushing our imaginative and critical thinking toward new terrain.
Centered primarily around the writings of Frank B . Wilderson III , Afro-pessimism is, according to Jared Sexton, “a meditation on a poetics or politics of abjection wherein racial blackness operates as an asymptotic approximation of that ..."
Sharenthood
From baby pictures in the cloud to a high school's digital surveillance system: how adults unwittingly compromise children's privacy online. Our children's first digital footprints are made before they can walk—even before they are born—as parents use fertility apps to aid conception, post ultrasound images, and share their baby's hospital mug shot. Then, in rapid succession come terabytes of baby pictures stored in the cloud, digital baby monitors with built-in artificial intelligence, and real-time updates from daycare. When school starts, there are cafeteria cards that catalog food purchases, bus passes that track when kids are on and off the bus, electronic health records in the nurse's office, and a school surveillance system that has eyes everywhere. Unwittingly, parents, teachers, and other trusted adults are compiling digital dossiers for children that could be available to everyone—friends, employers, law enforcement—forever. In this incisive book, Leah Plunkett examines the implications of “sharenthood”—adults' excessive digital sharing of children's data. She outlines the mistakes adults make with kids' private information, the risks that result, and the legal system that enables “sharenting.” Plunkett describes various modes of sharenting—including “commercial sharenting,” efforts by parents to use their families' private experiences to make money—and unpacks the faulty assumptions made by our legal system about children, parents, and privacy. She proposes a “thought compass” to guide adults in their decision making about children's digital data: play, forget, connect, and respect. Enshrining every false step and bad choice, Plunkett argues, can rob children of their chance to explore and learn lessons. The Internet needs to forget. We need to remember.
As two leading family law scholars recently wrote : “ Parental dissemination of private information about children's ... Martha S . Jones , Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America ( Cambridge : Cambridge ..."
The Antebellum Origins of the Modern Constitution
Locates the origins of the modern sense of a Founder's Constitution in Antebellum debates over slavery in the nation's capital.
Holton , Woody . Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution . New York: Hill and Wang, 2007. Honig, Bonnie. “Between Decision and Deliberation: Political Paradox in Democratic Theory.” American Political Science Review 101, no."
Race and Nation in the Age of Emancipations
With these essays, historians contend that emancipation was not something that simply happened to enslaved peoples but rather something in which they actively participated. Their examination uncovers the various techniques employed by people of African descent across the Atlantic World, allowing a broader picture of their paths to freedom.
Ikuko Asaka is an assistant professor of history at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. ... she is the author of Birthright Citizens : A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America (Cambridge University Press, 2017), ..."
The Blessings of Liberty
This concise, accessible text by historian Michael Benedict provides students with a history of American constitutional development in the context of political, economic, and social change. The fourth edition is updated to include the 2016 election, the Trump administration, the 2020 election, and the first activities of the Biden administration.
A Concise History of the Constitution of the United States Michael Les Benedict. America in ... read Kimberly Welch's amazing Black Litigants in the Antebellum American South (2018) and Martha S . Jones's Birthright Citizens (2019)."
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